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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main">alias (command)</span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the aliasing of variables in a programming language, see <a href="Aliasing_(computing)" title="Aliasing (computing)">Aliasing (computing)</a>.</div>
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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">alias</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><div class="infobox-caption">Example of <code>alias</code> command</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Various <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> and <a href="Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">commercial</a> developers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>, <a href="AmigaDOS" title="AmigaDOS">AmigaDOS</a>, <a href="FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a>, <a href="AROS_Research_Operating_System" title="AROS Research Operating System">AROS</a>, <a href="KolibriOS" title="KolibriOS">KolibriOS</a>, <a href="IBM_i" title="IBM i">IBM i</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">Command</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><code><b>alias</b></code> is <a href="Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shell</a> <a href="Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">command</a> that defines a word that the shell replaces with associated text before interpreting a command line.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often used to enhance productivity by abbreviating a command or for including commonly used arguments with a command. The command is available in <a href="Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shells</a>, <a href="AmigaDOS" title="AmigaDOS">AmigaDOS</a>, <a href="4DOS" title="4DOS">4DOS</a>/<a href="4NT_(shell)" class="mw-redirect" title="4NT (shell)">4NT</a>, <a href="FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a>, <a href="KolibriOS" title="KolibriOS">KolibriOS</a>, <a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a>, <a href="ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a>, <a href="Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface">EFI shell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EFI-Shells-and-Scripting_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFI-Shells-and-Scripting-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="IBM_i" title="IBM i">IBM i</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliasing functionality in <a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> and <a href="Command_Prompt" class="mw-redirect" title="Command Prompt">Command Prompt</a> is provided by the <code><a href="DOSKEY" title="DOSKEY">DOSKEY</a></code> command.
</p><p>Since aliases are defined only for a shell session, regularly used aliases are often defined in a session startup <a href="Shell_script" title="Shell script">shell script</a> such as <code>.bashrc</code>. The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">alias</code> commands may either be written in the config script directly or <a href="Source_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Source (command)">sourced</a> from a separate file.
</p><p>Aliases were introduced in the <a href="C_shell" title="C shell">C shell</a> to survive in descendant shells such as <a href="Tcsh" title="Tcsh">tcsh</a> and <a href="Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">bash</a>. As these aliases were limited to one line they were useful for creating relatively simple shortcut commands, but not more complex constructs. Older versions of the <a href="Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell">Bourne shell</a> did not offer aliases, but did provide functions, which are more powerful than the csh alias. Eventually, the csh alias was implemented in the <a href="Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">bash</a> and <a href="Korn_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Korn shell">ksh</a> shells. With shells that support both functions and aliases but no parameterized inline shell scripts, the use of functions wherever possible is recommended. None-the-less, aliases are necessary where chained aliases are required.
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Define">Define</h3></div>
<p>The following is an example that defines <code>gc</code> to be a command the performs the action <code><a href="Git" title="Git">git</a> commit</code>.
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nb">alias</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">gc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'git commit'</span>
</pre></div>
<p>In C shell and tcsh there is no equals sign:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csh mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nb">alias </span>gc <span class="s2">"git commit"</span>
</pre></div>
<p>To define an alias in PowerShell, the <code>new-alias</code> cmdlet is used:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ps1 mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nb">new-alias</span> <span class="n">ci</span> <span class="nb">copy-item</span>
</pre></div>
<p>In PowerShell, an alias cannot be used to specify default arguments for a command. Instead, this must be done by adding items to the collection <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">$PSDefaultParameterValues</code>, one of the PowerShell preference variables.
</p><p>In PowerShell, the <code>set</code> verb is used to change an existing alias. The following changes the alias <code>ci</code> to invoke the <code><a href="Cls_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cls (command)">cls</a></code> command.
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ps1 mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nb">set-alias</span> <span class="n">ci</span> <span class="nb">cls</span>
</pre></div>
<p>In 4DOS/4NT shell, the <code>eset</code> command provides an interactive command line to edit an existing alias. For example:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="go">eset /a cp</span>
</pre></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List">List</h3></div>
<p>To view defined aliases:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nb">alias</span>
</pre></div>
<p>To list aliases in a way that allows for re-creating them by sourcing the output (not available in 4DOS/4NT or PowerShell):
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nb">alias</span><span class="w"> </span>-p
</pre></div>
<p>To report the definition of a particular alias name:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nb">alias</span><span class="w"> </span>myAlias
</pre></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remove">Remove</h3></div>
<p>In Unix shells and 4DOS/4NT, aliases can be removed via <code>unalias</code>. To remove the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">copy</code> alias:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nb">unalias</span><span class="w"> </span>copy
</pre></div>
<p>To remove all aliases (not available in 4DOS/4NT):
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nb">unalias</span><span class="w"> </span>-a
</pre></div>
<p>To remove all aliases in 4DOS/4NT:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nb">unalias</span><span class="w"> </span>*
</pre></div>
<p>In PowerShell, an alias is removed from the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">alias:\</code> drive via <code>remove-item</code>:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-powershell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nb">remove-item</span> <span class="k">alias</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">ci</span>
</pre></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ignore">Ignore</h3></div>
<p>In Unix shells, an aliased word can be used without replacement by using quotes. For example, consider the following command that defines an alias <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ls</code> that invokes the original <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ls</code> with options <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">-la</code>. To invoke the original <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ls</code> command (without the options), the following syntax is used: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">'ls'</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\ls</code>.
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nb">alias</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">ls</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'ls -la'</span>
</pre></div>
<p>In 4DOS/4NT shell, an asterisk is used. For example, the following defines <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">dir</code> to invoke the original <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">dir</code> (requires asterisk in the definition) with options <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/2/p</code>. To later invoke the original <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">dir</code>, the syntax is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">*dir</code>.
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="go">alias dir = *dir /2/p</span>
</pre></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chaining">Chaining</h3></div>
<p>Typically, aliases are used to replace the first word of a command line, but some shells such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">bash</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ksh</code> also support chaining – replacing subsequent words.
</p><p>For example, the following defines <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">list</code> to invoke <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ls</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">long</code> to as a set of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ls</code> options. The command alias must end with a space to enable chaining.
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nb">alias</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">list</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'ls '</span>
<span class="nb">alias</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">long</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'-Flas'</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Then, command line <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">list long myfile</code> expands to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ls -Flas myfile</code>.
</p><p>The behavior provided by chaining is not possible via shell functions.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command_arguments">Command arguments</h3></div>
<p>In the <a href="C_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="C Shell">C Shell</a>, <a href="Argument_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument (computer science)">arguments</a> can be embedded inside the command using the string <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\!*</code>. For example, with this alias:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csh mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> <span class="nb">alias </span>ls-more <span class="s1">'ls \!* | more'</span>
</pre></div>
<p><code>ls-more /etc /usr</code> expands to <code>ls /etc /usr | more</code> to list the contents of the directories /etc and /usr, pausing after every screenful. Without <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\!*</code>,
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csh mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> <span class="nb">alias </span>ls-more <span class="s1">'ls | more'</span>
</pre></div>
<p>would instead expand to <code>ls | more /etc /usr</code> which incorrectly attempts to open the directories in <i>more</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Some shells such as bash and ksh do not support this syntax, but do provide for similar functionality via shell functions — see <a href="#Alternatives">§ Alternatives</a> below.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2></div>
<p>Best practice is to only define an alias for a relatively simple command. Alternatives for more complicated logic include:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell script</a>, provides a rich ability to implement a command</li>
<li><a href="Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic link</a> in the user's <code><a href="PATH_(variable)" title="PATH (variable)">PATH</a></code> (such as <code><a href=".//bin" class="mw-redirect" title="/bin">/bin</a></code>); in some cases may allow access to a buried command function for the small number of commands that use their invocation name to select the mode of operation</li>
<li>Shell function, especially if the command being created needs to modify the internal <a href="Runtime_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime environment">runtime environment</a> of the shell (such as <a href="Environment_variables" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment variables">environment variables</a>), needs to change the shell's <a href="Working_directory" title="Working directory">working directory</a>, or must be implemented in a way which guarantees that it appear in the command search path for anything but an interactive shell (especially any "safer" version of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rm</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cp</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">mv</code> and so forth)</li></ul>
<p>A relatively simple alias that includes a few arguments and supports subsequent arguments, can be converted to a shell function in a relatively straightforward process. For example, alias <code>alias ll='ls -Flas'</code> can be implemented as function <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ll () { ls -Flas "$@" ;</code>}. To prevent a function from <a href="Recursion" title="Recursion">calling itself</a>, use <code><a href="Command_(Unix)" title="Command (Unix)">command</a></code>: <code>ls () { command ls --color=auto "$@" ; }</code>. In older Bourne shells, use <code>/bin/ls</code> instead of <code>command ls</code>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><cite id="CITEREFRugheimer2020" class="citation book cs1">Rugheimer, Hannes (2020-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1988-rugheimer-spanik-amigados-quick-reference"><i>AmigaDOS quick reference : Rügheimer, Hannes : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive</i></a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781557550491</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-12</span></span> – via Internet Archive.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EFI-Shells-and-Scripting-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EFI-Shells-and-Scripting_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/efi-shells-and-scripting/">"EFI Shells and Scripting"</a>. <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-25</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIBM" class="citation web cs1"><a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ssw_ibm_i_74/rzahz/rzahzpdf.pdf?view=kc">"IBM System i Version 7.2 Programming Qshell"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-05</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121125074502/http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/shell/alias_csh2.1.html">"Examples of passing arguments given to a command alias"</a>. <i>UNIXhelp</i>. <a href="University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/shell/alias_csh2.1.html">the original</a> on 2012-11-25.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMcElhearn2006" class="citation book cs1">McElhearn, Kirk (2006). <i>The Mac OS X Command Line: Unix Under the Hood</i>. <a href="John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0470113851</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
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<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guide_to_Unix" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Guide to Unix">Guide to Unix</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guide_to_Unix/Commands" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Guide to Unix/Commands">Commands</a></b></i></div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><span class="neverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/alias.html">alias</a></code></span>: define or display aliases – Shell and Utilities Reference, <a href="Single_Unix_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Unix Specification">The Single UNIX Specification</a>, Version 5 from <a href="The_Open_Group" title="The Open Group">The Open Group</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ss64.com/bash/alias.html">Bash man page for alias</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linfo.org/alias.html">The alias Command</a> by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)</li></ul>
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</style><div id="Unix_command-line_interface_programs_and_shell_builtins541" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> programs and <a href="Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">shell builtins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cat_(Unix)" title="Cat (Unix)">cat</a></li>
<li><a href="Chattr" title="Chattr">chattr</a></li>
<li><a href="Chmod" title="Chmod">chmod</a></li>
<li><a href="Chown" title="Chown">chown</a></li>
<li><a href="Chgrp" title="Chgrp">chgrp</a></li>
<li><a href="Cksum" title="Cksum">cksum</a></li>
<li><a href="Cmp_(Unix)" title="Cmp (Unix)">cmp</a></li>
<li><a href="Cp_(Unix)" title="Cp (Unix)">cp</a></li>
<li><a href="Dd_(Unix)" title="Dd (Unix)">dd</a></li>
<li><a href="Du_(Unix)" title="Du (Unix)">du</a></li>
<li><a href="Df_(Unix)" title="Df (Unix)">df</a></li>
<li><a href="File_(command)" title="File (command)">file</a></li>
<li><a href="Fuser_(Unix)" title="Fuser (Unix)">fuser</a></li>
<li><a href="Ln_(Unix)" title="Ln (Unix)">ln</a></li>
<li><a href="Ls" title="Ls">ls</a></li>
<li><a href="Mkdir" title="Mkdir">mkdir</a></li>
<li><a href="Mv_(Unix)" title="Mv (Unix)">mv</a></li>
<li><a href="Pax_(command)" title="Pax (command)">pax</a></li>
<li><a href="Pwd" title="Pwd">pwd</a></li>
<li><a href="Rm_(Unix)" title="Rm (Unix)">rm</a></li>
<li><a href="Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rmdir</a></li>
<li><a href="Split_(Unix)" title="Split (Unix)">split</a></li>
<li><a href="Tee_(command)" title="Tee (command)">tee</a></li>
<li><a href="Touch_(command)" title="Touch (command)">touch</a></li>
<li><a href="Type_(Unix)" title="Type (Unix)">type</a></li>
<li><a href="Umask" title="Umask">umask</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="At_(command)" title="At (command)">at</a></li>
<li><a href="Job_control_(Unix)#Commands" title="Job control (Unix)">bg</a></li>
<li><a href="Cron" title="Cron">crontab</a></li>
<li><a href="Job_control_(Unix)#Commands" title="Job control (Unix)">fg</a></li>
<li><a href="Kill_(command)" title="Kill (command)">kill</a></li>
<li><a href="Nice_(Unix)" title="Nice (Unix)">nice</a></li>
<li><a href="Ps_(Unix)" title="Ps (Unix)">ps</a></li>
<li><a href="Time_(Unix)" title="Time (Unix)">time</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">User environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Env" title="Env">env</a></li>
<li><a href="Exit_(command)" title="Exit (command)">exit</a></li>
<li><a href="Logname" title="Logname">logname</a></li>
<li><a href="Mesg" title="Mesg">mesg</a></li>
<li><a href="Talk_(software)" title="Talk (software)">talk</a></li>
<li><a href="Tput" title="Tput">tput</a></li>
<li><a href="Uname" title="Uname">uname</a></li>
<li><a href="Who_(Unix)" title="Who (Unix)">who</a></li>
<li><a href="Write_(Unix)" title="Write (Unix)">write</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AWK" title="AWK">awk</a></li>
<li><a href="Basename" title="Basename">basename</a></li>
<li><a href="Comm" title="Comm">comm</a></li>
<li><a href="Csplit" title="Csplit">csplit</a></li>
<li><a href="Cut_(Unix)" title="Cut (Unix)">cut</a></li>
<li><a href="Diff" title="Diff">diff</a></li>
<li><a href="Dirname" title="Dirname">dirname</a></li>
<li><a href="Ed_(text_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed (text editor)">ed</a></li>
<li><a href="Ex_(text_editor)" title="Ex (text editor)">ex</a></li>
<li><a href="Fold_(Unix)" title="Fold (Unix)">fold</a></li>
<li><a href="Head_(Unix)" title="Head (Unix)">head</a></li>
<li><a href="Iconv" title="Iconv">iconv</a></li>
<li><a href="Join_(Unix)" title="Join (Unix)">join</a></li>
<li><a href="M4_(computer_language)" title="M4 (computer language)">m4</a></li>
<li><a href="More_(command)" title="More (command)">more</a></li>
<li><a href="Nl_(Unix)" title="Nl (Unix)">nl</a></li>
<li><a href="Paste_(Unix)" title="Paste (Unix)">paste</a></li>
<li><a href="Patch_(Unix)" title="Patch (Unix)">patch</a></li>
<li><a href="Printf_(Unix)" title="Printf (Unix)">printf</a></li>
<li><a href="Read_(Unix)" title="Read (Unix)">read</a></li>
<li><a href="Sed" title="Sed">sed</a></li>
<li><a href="Sort_(Unix)" title="Sort (Unix)">sort</a></li>
<li><a href="Strings_(Unix)" title="Strings (Unix)">strings</a></li>
<li><a href="Tail_(Unix)" title="Tail (Unix)">tail</a></li>
<li><a href="Tr_(Unix)" title="Tr (Unix)">tr</a></li>
<li><a href="Troff" title="Troff">troff</a></li>
<li><a href="Uniq" title="Uniq">uniq</a></li>
<li><a href="Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">vi</a></li>
<li><a href="Wc_(Unix)" title="Wc (Unix)">wc</a></li>
<li><a href="Xargs" title="Xargs">xargs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">Shell builtins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">cd</a></li>
<li><a href="Echo_(command)" title="Echo (command)">echo</a></li>
<li><a href="Test_(Unix)" title="Test (Unix)">test</a></li>
<li><a href="Environment_variable#unset_command" title="Environment variable">unset</a></li>
<li><a href="Wait_(command)" title="Wait (command)">wait</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Searching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Find_(Unix)" title="Find (Unix)">find</a></li>
<li><a href="Grep" title="Grep">grep</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Man_page" title="Man page">man</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Ar_(Unix)" title="Ar (Unix)">ar</a></li>
<li><a href="Ctags" title="Ctags">ctags</a></li>
<li><a href="Lex_(software)" title="Lex (software)">lex</a></li>
<li><a href="Make_(software)" title="Make (software)">make</a></li>
<li><a href="Nm_(Unix)" title="Nm (Unix)">nm</a></li>
<li><a href="Strip_(Unix)" title="Strip (Unix)">strip</a></li>
<li><a href="Yacc" title="Yacc">yacc</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bc_(programming_language)" title="Bc (programming language)">bc</a></li>
<li><a href="Cal_(command)" title="Cal (command)">cal</a></li>
<li><a href="Expr" title="Expr">expr</a></li>
<li><a href="System_V_printing_system" title="System V printing system">lp</a></li>
<li><a href="Od_(Unix)" title="Od (Unix)">od</a></li>
<li><a href="Sleep_(command)" title="Sleep (command)">sleep</a></li>
<li><a href="True_and_false_(commands)" title="True and false (commands)">true and false</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Categories</b>
<ul><li>Standard Unix programs</li>
<li>Unix SUS2008 utilities</li></ul></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <b><a href="List_of_POSIX_commands" title="List of POSIX commands">List</a></b></li></ul>
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